The New York Times has a nice article that highlights new understanding into who the Neanderthals were. Neanderthals lived across Eurasia for hundreds of thousands of years before going extinct some 40,000 years ago. A bunch of new high profile studies were published in 2025.

Barely three decades ago, these ancient hominids were still being widely depicted as knuckle-dragging brutes that were too dimwitted for moral or religious concepts, probably lacking language and behaviorally less advanced than modern humans. The picture changed considerably in 2010 after the Max Planck Institute published the complete Neanderthal genome, which revealed that people of European or Asian descent possess as much as 4 percent Neanderthal DNA, indicating extensive, past interbreeding between the two hominid groups.

Joao Zilhão, an archaeologist at the University of Lisbon, noted, with a trace of sarcasm, that the push to classify Neanderthals as a separate species frequently arises from a reluctance, especially among geneticists, to fully accept them as a geographically distinct, but interbreeding, branch of humanity.

“There are lots and lots of geneticists, many more than there are archaeologists,” he said. “Doing research on this or that molecule is much less time-intensive than excavating an archaeological site and studying what was found there.”